Human Impact on the Environment

Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation lead to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere.
These increased greenhouse gas concentrations result in an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and thus climate change.
The release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from air conditioning systems and aerosol sprays can also cause depletion of the ozone layer, allowing more harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach the Earth’s surface.

The conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land – also called habitat destruction – along with hunting pressure and pollution, has led to reductions in biodiversity and increase in number of endangered and extinct species.
Shifts in geographical distribution of species and timing of seasonal activities are also being observed due to climate change.
Invasive species introduced by humans to new ecosystems can out-compete native species and alter the ecosystem dynamics.

Over-extraction of freshwater for human use from rivers, lakes and aquifers can lead to reduced water availability, especially in dry regions.
Pollution from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources can cause water quality degradation and eutrophication, leading to loss of biodiversity in freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Uncontrolled fishing activities or overfishing can cause a reduction in fish populations and even drive some species to extinction.

Soil erosion and degradation due to unsustainable farming practices and deforestation can lead to loss of fertile land and desertification.
Mining and extraction operations disrupt the landscape and can lead to soil and water pollution.
The disposal of non-biodegradable waste, especially plastics, is a major issue leading to soil and water pollution.

Conservation efforts can be undertaken to protect and restore natural habitats and maintain biodiversity.
Reducing, reusing and recycling resources, also known as the 3 Rs, reduces waste and resource consumption.
Switching to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydropower) reduces greenhouse gas emissions, helps to mitigate climate change and reduce air pollution.
Using more sustainable farming practices can help towards maintaining healthy soils and sustainable food production.
Adaptation measures, such as building sea walls to prevent flooding, or developing crop varieties that are more resilient to climate change, can help societies to cope with the impacts of climate change.