Controlling Processes: Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Reactions: An Overview

Nuclear reactions involve changes in an atom’s nucleus and often produce a lot of energy.
In fission reactions, a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller ones, releasing energy. This is the principle behind nuclear power plants.
In fusion reactions, two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy. This is how our sun produces energy.
Radioactive decay is another type of nuclear reaction where an unstable nucleus emits radiation to become more stable. This process also serves as a basis for radioactive dating.
Neutrons play a critical role in nuclear reactions as they can penetrate the nucleus easily due to lack of charge.

Controlled nuclear fission can be achieved in a nuclear reactor, where neutron-absorbing control rods can slow down the reaction.
Enriched nuclear fuel usually contains uranium-235 or plutonium-239, whose atoms readily undergo fission when struck by a neutron.
The energy produced can be used to generate electricity, while uncontrolled fission can lead to nuclear explosions as in an atomic bomb.

Controlled nuclear fusion is challenging due to the high temperatures and pressures required. However, research is ongoing to develop fusion reactors for sustainable energy production.
Unlike fission, fusion does not produce long-lived radioactive waste, which makes it a cleaner form of energy generation.
Our sun is a natural nuclear fusion reactor, where fusion of hydrogen atoms creates helium and energy.

Deep geological repositories are used to safely store long-lived nuclear waste.
Constant monitoring and maintenance are necessary to prevent the chance of nuclear accidents.
Workers in nuclear facilities have to follow strict health and safety procedures, like wearing radiation protective suits and regularly monitoring their radiation exposure.
Education and training are key to ensuring everyone understands the risks and the procedures to handle nuclear materials safely.
In the event of a nuclear accident, quick evacuation, containment, and cleanup measures should be put in place to limit environmental and health impacts.