Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering is a scientific process that involves modifying the DNA of an organism, enabling creation of desired characteristics.
• It is achieved by cutting out a gene from the genome of one organism using enzymes and inserting it into another organism’s genome.
• This technique is used in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and research.
• In medicine, genetic engineering is used to produce insulin, clotting factors for haemophiliacs, and hormones such as growth hormone. It is also used in gene therapy to treat genetic disorders.
• In agriculture, genetic modification is done to enhance the yield and quality of crops, make them resistant to pests, disease, and adverse climatic conditions.
• Enzymes used in genetic modification include restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sites, and ligase enzymes, which join pieces of DNA together.
• The process of genetic engineering can raise ethical issues, such as concerns over ‘designer babies’, the long-term effects on ecosystems, and whether it is right to modify organisms for our benefit.
• There are also concerns about potential health effects from eating genetically modified (GM) foods and issues related to the ownership and patenting of genetically engineered organisms and their products.
• There are laws and policies in place to regulate the use of genetic engineering to ensure its safety and ethical considerations.
• However, despite the potential risks, genetic engineering holds great potential for improving human health, agricultural productivity, and the management of our natural resources. The controversy, debate, and regulation will likely continue as the technology advances and its applications expand further.
• Review and understand the steps involved in genetic engineering process, its applications, potential risks, and ethical issues.
• Understanding genetic engineering also requires a solid foundation in the basic principles of genetics, including genes, DNA, protein synthesis, and inheritance.
• Also, familiarise with practical applications of genetic engineering in everyday life and evaluate case studies to understand the real-life implications of this science.