Distinguishing between literal and metaphorical usage of words

Recognising Literal Language: Literal language involves words and phrases that denote their conventional or primary meanings. They are direct, straightforward, and devoid of embellishment.
Identifying Metaphorical Language: Metaphorical language engages the use of words in non-literal, figurative sense to create a vivid image or comparison. For instance, metaphors, similes, personification, etc. fall into this category.

Word Usage Checks: If a word does not fit conveniently into its context when taken literally, this may indicate a metaphorical usage.
Comparative Patterns: “As” or “like” (‘כ’ in Hebrew) preceding a word or phrase often signifies a metaphor or simile.

Contextual Clues: Understanding whether a word or phrase is used literally or metaphorically often requires context. In many cases, the surrounding words, sentences or even chapters can provide insight into the intended meaning.
Cultural/Historical Knowledge: Familiarity with the culture, idioms, and historical setting of the text often provides valuable insight into whether a term is used in a literal or metaphorical sense.

Figurative Use of Birds, Plants, and Animals: Natural elements are often metaphorically employed in biblical texts, denoting certain characteristics or qualities. For instance, a lion (‘אריה’) may symbolise strength or courage.
Metaphorical Usage of Body Parts: Terms related to human body parts can carry metaphorical meanings. For example, ‘heart’ (‘לב’) in biblical Hebrew not only refers to the bodily organ but also connotes the seat of emotions and thought patterns.
Anthropomorphisms: This is when human characteristics and actions are attributed to God or divine beings in metaphoric fashion.

Temporal Indicators: Metaphorical prophecies often associate with timeless truths applicable to various life situations, while literal prophecies usually have time-specific fulfilments.
Symbolic Imagery: The use of symbolic imagery often suggests metaphorical prophecy. Interpreting these metaphors requires further analysis and can be complex.

Assuming Literalness: Never assume that all biblical language is literal. Biblical Hebrew often uses metaphors, symbols, and other figurative language to express spiritual truths or complex concepts.
Overlooking Dialectics: Recurrent patterns, expressions or dialectics may signal metaphorical messages. For instance, the repeated motif of ‘wilderness’ (‘מדבר’) across biblical narratives metaphorically represents a place of both desolation and divine encounter.
Ignoring Cultural Background: Overlooking the cultural background of the text can lead to misinterpretation. Some terms or constructs may have been idiomatic or symbolic expressions based on the cultural milieu at the time of writing.