Printmaking – A Level Fine Art CAIE Revision

Understanding Printmaking

Printmaking is an art form that involves copying an image onto another surface–usually paper–from an original source, known as a matrix.
The fundamental techniques of printmaking include relief, intaglio, lithography and screenprinting, each having its distinctive set of characteristics and requirements.
An essential part of printmaking is the reproduction of the same image, which, once created, can indeed be produced multiple times, this is meant by edition.
Each print from one plate, even when part of the same edition, maintains its individual uniqueness, due to subtle differences in the printing process.
Unlike other visual arts, printmaking requires a vast understanding of different techniques and materials. The type of ink, the pressing process, the matrix surface, all contribute to the final result of the print.

Relief printmaking involves carving the image onto the matrix. The raised, uncarved areas are then inked and printed while the carved, lowered areas remain ink-free.
Woodcut and Linocut are two commonly used materials in relief printing.
Relief printing is suitable for bold, simplified and graphic designs.

Intaglio printmaking involves etching or engraving the image into a matrix. The ink is rubbed into the lines and recesses, and the matrix’s surface is wiped clean. Therefore, the areas intended to be printed need to be recessed.
Techniques used include etching, drypoint, mezzotint and engraving.
Detailed linear designs fit well into this type of printmaking.

Lithography relies on the resistance between water and oil-based substances. The matrix remains flat, making it different from the two previous types.
Traditional lithography uses limestone plates; modern lithography would use zinc or aluminium plates.
Offset lithography is a common commercial method, where the image is transferred to a rubber blanket then to the paper.
Lithography is suitable for artworks that required subtle gradation of tones.

Screenprinting uses a silk screen or other fine mesh, with parts of the screen blanked off with a non-permeable substance.
Ink is then applied to the top and forced through the mesh onto the surface (often paper or fabric) with a squeegee.
Most effective for bold and graphic designs, due to its sharp-edged imaging.

Various inks and papers all have their unique characteristics, and their choice greatly influences the style and effect of the print.
Archival materials are crucial in printmaking; these materials such as acid-free papers and long-lasting inks will ensure the print’s life span.
Handling and storing of prints require special care to preserve the image quality. Avoid direct sunlight, use acid-free mats for framing, and frame under UV-protected glass or plexiglass.