The Industrial Revolution, c.1800-c.1890

Early Stages and Causes

The Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century led to increased crop yields and population growth in Britain, providing a workforce for industry.
Britain had access to abundant natural resources, such as coal and iron, essential for industrial processes.
Developments in technology, particularly steam power, kickstarted industrialisation.
Britain’s economic policies, including the promotion of entrepreneurship and free trade, fostered a conducive climate for industrialisation.

The textile industry was the first to industrialise, with inventions such as the spinning jenny and the power loom significantly increasing production.
The use of steam power in the form of the steam engine revolutionised various industries, from mining to transportation.
The development and expansion of the railway system transformed transport and trade, fostering the movement of people, goods, and ideas.

Urbanisation saw massive growth in urban areas, particularly in industrial cities like Manchester and Liverpool.
The growth of a working class tied to factory labour and wage earning, living in overcrowded and often unsanitary conditions.
Emergence of a middle class of business and factory owners who accrued wealth and social influence.
Increase in overall prosperity, but also a rise in income inequality as industrialists accumulated vast wealth while factory workers lived in poverty.

Industrialisation spread to other parts of Europe, albeit slower than in Britain. Belgium, France, and Germany saw significant industrial growth in the first half of the 19th century.
Industrial Revolution led to global changes including the imperialism of many industrialised nations, seeking new markets and resources.
Effects were felt worldwide, with economic exploitation in colonies and semi-industrialised nations providing raw materials for the industrialised economy.

Rise of social and political movements challenging the capitalist system, including Chartism and socialism.
The Trade Union movement emerged, fighting for worker’s rights, improved working conditions, and better wages.
Philanthropic efforts from middle-class reformers led to improvements in housing, education, and public health.
Industrialisation led to significant environmental changes, with pollution and environmental degradation becoming increasingly prevalent.