Emotional development across the human lifespan

Emotional Development in Infancy (0-2 Years)

Emotions begin to develop from birth, starting with basic emotions such as happiness, fear, and anger.
By 6 months, more complex social emotions develop, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy.
Attachment to primary caregivers becomes obvious and constitutes a significant part of emotional development.
Infants begin to mirror the emotional responses of their caregivers in various situations.

Emotional Development in Early Childhood (2-8 years)

Understanding and controlling emotions is a primary developmental task during this stage.
Children start to realise that others also have feelings, leading to the development of empathy.
There is a gradual progression from externally expressed emotions to internalised feelings.
Children begin to learn more about feeling rules, such as what emotions are acceptable in what situations.

Emotion Development in Adolescence (9-18 Years)

Identity formation becomes a crucial aspect during this stage, often accompanied by conflicting feelings.
Emotional changes may become more intense due to hormonal changes associated with puberty.
Adolescents typically experience a heightened sensitivity to others’ opinions and an increase in emotional self-consciousness.
This period sees the emergence of self-evaluation and comparison with peers.

Emotional Development in Adulthood (19-65 Years)

Emotional experience often becomes more complex and nuanced in adulthood.
Emotional intelligence continues to develop, which includes recognising, understanding, and managing own and others’ emotions.
Many adults achieve emotional stability, but major life events, such as having children or a career change, can introduce new emotional challenges.
During this period, many individuals develop a mature understanding of their emotional needs and capabilities.

Emotional Development in Old Age (65+ Years)

Many older adults show greater emotional regulation compared to younger individuals, possibly due to life experience.
The emotional response to events may decrease in intensity.
Older adults may tend to focus on positive emotions while avoiding negative ones, a phenomenon known as socioemotional selectivity.
Bereavement, health issues, or adjusting to retirement can be challenging and cause emotional distress during this stage.