Studying Brain Development

The human brain develops through several distinct stages.
The first phase, neurogenesis, takes place early in embryonic development, producing the brain’s neurons.
Following neurogenesis is migration, where formed neurons move from their origin to their final positions in the brain.
Differentiation, the third phase, involves neurons developing unique characteristics such as size, shape and function.
The later stage of maturation includes myelination where axons are coated with a fatty substance, and synaptogenesis, the development of synapses.

Infants’ brains undergo rapid growth and development, expanding up to twice their size during the first year.
Brain development in infancy is marked by sensory development, motor development, and the development of language skills.
The plasticity of an infant’s brain enables it to readily adapt and learn from interactions and experiences.
Sensitive periods during infancy allow certain skills and capabilities to be most easily acquired.

The brain continues to develop during adolescence.
During this period, the prefrontal cortex, the brain area responsible for higher cognitive functions, is still maturing.
A process called synaptic pruning happens, where unused connections in the brain are eliminated, strengthening necessary ones.
Adolescent brains are particularly susceptible to risk-taking, impulsivity, and being influenced by peers due to ongoing development and hormonal changes.

The development of the brain can be significantly influenced by the environment.
Positive influences such as nurturing relationships, intellectual stimulation, and a safe environment can promote healthy brain development.
Negative influences including chronic stress, neglect, and exposure to toxins can hinder brain development, potentially leading to impairment.
Ever-existing ability of the brain to change or adapt in response to experience is known as neuroplasticity.

Researchers use a range of techniques to study brain development.
Brain imaging techniques such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) provide detailed images and data on brain structure and function.
Post-mortem studies can give insight into the cellular and molecular aspects of brain development.
Genetic and epigenetic analysis can help understand the influence of genetics and environmental factors on brain development.