Genetically modified organisms in agriculture – A Level Biology CAIE Revision

Introduction to Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture typically involve the alteration of crops or livestock at the genetic level to improve traits such as yield, nutrition, and resistance to pests or environmental conditions.
These modifications are conducted using genetic engineering techniques that involve the manipulation or transfer of DNA between species that would not naturally interbreed.
Some of the commonly genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola.

Gene cloning: This technique is used to clone the desired gene from a donor organism and insert it in the target organism.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is used to amplify the desired gene sequences.
Transformation: The foreign DNA is transferred with the help of vectors, like plasmids, into the target organisms.
Selection: After transformation, only those cells that took up the foreign DNA are selected using antibiotic resistance markers or other indicators.

Increased yield: Genetically modified crops are often engineered to grow faster and larger leading to increased productivity.
Nutritional enhancement: Certain crops are engineered to contain higher levels of essential nutrients, which can help address malnutrition.
Pest resistance & environmental resilience: Genetic modification can make crops less susceptible to pests or able to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

Biodiversity loss: Genetic modification might decrease the genetic diversity within a species, which can make the species more vulnerable to diseases and changes in environment.
Gene flow: Genes from genetically modified crops can spread to other non-modified crops or wild species, leading to unforeseen consequences.
Economic impact: Dependence on GM seeds may lead to economic vulnerability, especially among small-scale farmers.
Health implications: Concerns exist regarding potential health effects of consuming genetically modified food, although current evidence does not suggest any health risks.

There are key ethical considerations with regard to the use of GMOs in agriculture, including conservation and sustainability of natural resources, access and affordability of technology, and respect for the integrity of life processes.
These issues raise questions about the power of humans to shape nature to their purposes, the equitable distribution of resources, and the future of biodiversity.