Introduction to electronics

Section 1: Basics of Electronics

Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
It fundamentally involves manipulating and controlling the movement of electrons.
The study divides into two main sectors: analogue electronics and digital electronics.
Analogue electronics pertains to continuous signals and the devices that process these signals.
Digital electronics, conversely, involves discrete signals typically expressed with binary code.

Section 2: Basic Electronic Components

Resistors are devices that limit current flow and are used in most electronic circuits.
Capacitors store and release electrical energy and are typically used for filtering unwanted noise and for tuning in resonant circuits.
Diodes allow current flow in one direction only and find extensive use in rectification.
Transistors, like diodes, control the movement of electricity but can be used as amplifiers or switches.
Integrated Circuits (ICs) represent an array of electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and transistors packed into a miniature chip.

Section 3: Fundamental Principles

Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor between two points is proportional to the voltage across the two points.
Kirchhoff’s rules, the junction rule and the loop rule, help in solving circuits with multiple loops and junctions.
The Superposition Principle states that the overall response in a system with multiple inputs is the sum of the responses from each input considered separately.

Section 4: Miscellaneous concepts

Soldering is an important skill in electronics, providing a mechanical and electrical bond between components and the circuit board.
Understanding circuit diagrams and symbols is essential. This may include standard symbols for components, along with symbols for power sources, switches, and loads.
Safety measures in electronics must be strictly adhered to. This includes the careful handling of electricity, proper use of tools and lab gear, and ensuring all circuits have been depowered before working on them.