Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microprocessor is a single integrated circuit that is designed to perform the functions of a central processing unit of a computer.
Functions performed by a microprocessor include executing program instructions, performing arithmetic calculations, control various functions of the computer by providing timing and control signals.
Types of microprocessors include simple single core processors, multi-core processors, and System on Chip (SoC) processors.
Role in embedded systems involves the processing of data collected from sensors, controlling output devices, communication with other devices or systems, and decision making based on given conditions.
Programming a microprocessor requires knowledge of an assembly language or high-level language that the microprocessor uses.

Microcontrollers

Microcontroller is an integrated circuit designed to perform the functions of a microcomputer which includes a processor, memory, as well as programmable input/output ports.
Includes built-in program memory (ROM or flash), data memory (RAM), ports for input/output operations, timers, interrupts, and communication interfaces (SPI, I2C, UART, etc.)
Typically used in embedded systems due to its compact size and ability to perform multiple tasks by programming.
Variety of applications includes home automation, medical devices, automotive electronics, industrial automation, etc.
Programming a microcontroller requires knowledge of a specific assembly language or a high-level language like C/C++.

Difference between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Microprocessors and microcontrollers both are integrated chips, but microprocessors usually do not have built-in memory or input/output ports, while microcontrollers have built in-memory and I/O ports.
Microprocessors are designed to handle heavy tasks and they require additional peripheral devices for their operations such as external memory units, while microcontrollers are designed for specific tasks, making them more suitable for embedded systems.
Microprocessors usually operate with a much higher clock speed compared to microcontrollers, which makes them power-hungry, while microcontrollers operate at lower clock speeds, making them energy-efficient.
Selection between the two is often based on the requirements of throughput, power consumption, cost, space and the complexity of the task at hand.