Social Construction of Concepts of Crime and Deviance – GCSE Sociology Eduqas Revision

Understanding Crime and Deviance

Crime refers to behaviours and actions that are in violation of formal written laws.
Deviance, on the other hand, refers to behaviours that contravene the norms and expectations of a society or social group.
Both crime and deviance are relative – they can vary greatly across different cultures and societies, and can change over time.

The Social Construction of Crime and Deviance

Both crime and deviance can be seen as socially constructed concepts. What this means is that they’re not simply ‘given’ or natural, but are shaped and defined by society.
Crime is created by law, which is a social product. Different societies have different laws, meaning that what is considered a crime can vary widely across the world.
Similarly, what is considered deviant can depend heavily on the values, norms and moral standards of a given society.
The process of social construction of crime and deviance involves a variety of sociale actors, including governments, the media, and members of the public.

The Role of Social Control

Social control plays a key role in defining what is considered crime or deviance. Authorities such as the police and courts, as well as informal social controls, help to enforce laws and social norms.
Labelling theory suggests that the response of others, and particularly of the authorities, can play a crucial role in defining certain acts or behaviours as criminal or deviant.
The creation and enforcement of rules and laws reflects power relations within a society. Those in power often have the ability to define what is considered criminal or deviant.

Change Over Time

The social construction of crime and deviance is not static, but changes over time. Behaviours once considered deviant or criminal (homosexuality, for example) might be seen as acceptable today.
Similarly, behaviours that were once seen as acceptable can come to be viewed as criminal or deviant because of changes in laws or social norms.
Evidence from history and cross-cultural comparisons can provide useful insights into these changes and their social and political context.

Media Influence

The media has a significant influence on the social construction of crime and deviance. It can amplify or downplay certain behaviours, influencing public perceptions and societal norms.
The media can help shape moral panics – heightened societal fears about a perceived threat, which can influence changes in laws and societal norms.
Media representation of crime and deviance often isn’t neutral. They can be influenced by political and ideological perspectives, and can contribute to the stigmatization and marginalization of certain groups within society.