Biotechnology – AP Biology College Board Revision

Biotechnology is a field of biology that deals with the use of living organisms or their components to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
This area of biology combines several disciplines, such as genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, and cell biology, to create novel technological applications.
Gene expression plays a crucial role in biotechnology, as scientists can manipulate it to acquire desirable traits in organisms or cells.

The use of recombinant DNA technology,or gene cloning, allows scientists to take a specific gene from one organism and insert it into the DNA of another.
Through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), scientists can produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence for detailed study or manipulation.
Genetic engineering is a major subfield of biotechnology through which scientists can alter or manipulate the DNA of organisms to affect gene expression.

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product like a protein.
By modifying gene expression, biotechnologists can manipulate the characteristics of an organism. Examples include developing crops resistant to pests or diseases, and bacteria capable of generating biofuels.
Genetic circuits, which function like electronic circuits but are made of DNA rather than wires, can be designed to regulate gene expression.

Biotechnology has numerous applications in sectors including healthcare, agriculture, and industry. For example, engineered bacteria can produce human insulin for diabetes treatment.
Gene therapy, an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease, is a significant application of biotechnology.
Genetic modifications in agriculture, such as transgenic organisms that contain genes from other species, can lead to the production of crops resistant to pests, diseases, or adverse environmental conditions.

The benefits of biotechnology must be weighed against potential risks. This includes concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene editing, and cloning.
Ethical considerations include respect for the rights and dignity of all living organisms, minimization of harm and maximization of benefit, justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens, and the responsible use of technology and science.
It is critical to follow regulatory guidelines and maintain transparency in all biotechnological endeavours.