Introduction to Binyanim (verb patterns)

Binyanim (Verb Patterns)

The term Binyan (plural Binyanim) refers to the verb patterns present in Biblical Hebrew. These patterns dictate verb formation and conjugation, and each contains its own semantic nuances.
There are seven major Binyanim: Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpael.

Qal

The Qal is considered the basic or simple stem. It displays the verb’s root action in its most general form.
Example: שָׁבַר (Shavar) - “he broke”

Niphal

The Niphal often portrays actions in the reflexive, passive or reciprocal sense. It is also sometimes used to depict more intense action than the Qal.
Example: נִשְׁבָּר (Nishbar) - “he was broken”

Piel

The Piel usually presents intensive or repeated action, but can also show causative action in a few cases.
Example: שִבֵּר (Shiber) - “he smashed”

Pual

The Pual represents the passive equivalent of the Piel, communicating intensive or repeated action.
Example: שֻׁבַּר (Shubar) - “it was smashed”

Hiphil

The Hiphil generally reflects a causative action (“he caused to…”) and sometimes shows reflexive action.
Example: הִשְׁבִּיר (Hisbir) - “he caused to break”

Hophal

The Hophal is essentially the passive form of the Hiphil, also indicating causative action.
Example: הָשְׁבַּר (Hoshbar) - “it was caused to break”

Hithpael

The Hithpael typically expresses reflexive or reciprocal action (“he did to himself…”).
Example: הִתְקַדֵּשׁ (Hitkadesh) - “he sanctified himself”

Remember, while the above is a general guide, there exist exceptions and irregular cases within the binyanim. Additionally, specific action related to a verb can vary based on context. Knowing these seven Binyanim well forms the foundation for a strong understanding of Biblical Hebrew verbs. As verbs are integral to sentence construction and meaning in Biblical Hebrew, mastering binyanim is vital for accurately translating and interpreting Biblical texts.