Thermal Decomposition

Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a compound is broken down into simpler substances when heated.
This is an example of an endothermic process as it absorbs heat energy from its surroundings.
Thermal decomposition reactions usually require a high amount of heat energy to proceed.

Examples of Thermal Decomposition

One common example is the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Another example is the decomposition of copper(II) carbonate to produce copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide.
Potassium chlorate can also undergo thermal decomposition to generate potassium chloride and oxygen gas.

The amount of heat applied often affects the rate of the decomposition process. Higher heat leads to faster decomposition.
The purity of the compound undergoing decomposition can also influence the rate. Impurities can either slow down or speed up the process.
Additionally, the surface area of the compound can also play a role. Greater surface areas tend to speed up the decomposition rate, due to more area for the reaction to occur on.

Thermal decomposition is used in industrial processes such as the manufacture of lime (calcium oxide) from limestone (calcium carbonate).
It is also key in the extraction of metals from their ores, as many metal carbonates decompose to give the metal oxide and carbon dioxide.
Thermal decomposition has significant applications in waste management, as it can be used to break down complex waste materials into simpler, less harmful substances.

Care should be taken while conducting thermal decomposition reactions as they often involve high temperatures.
Protective clothing, including heat-resistant gloves and safety goggles, are a must to prevent burns and protect the eyes from possible splash back.
The gases released during the reaction can be harmful, hence adequate ventilation or appropriate extraction should be in place.

Not all compounds undergo thermal decomposition. Some might instead melt or even vaporise upon heating.
Complete decomposition might not be achieved if the temperature isn’t high enough or the heat is not uniformly distributed.
The method could be energy-intensive due to the high levels of heat required.