Baroque Structures

Definition of Baroque Structures

Baroque structures establish the formal construction of musical compositions in the Baroque period (1600-1750).
Composers during this time typically adhered to these structures and conventions for their compositions, including concertos.
The emphasis was on contrast, with different sections of the music having distinct moods or characters. This could be achieved through variations in instrumentation, texture and harmony.

Binary Form (AB): A musical structure consisting of two sections, A and B, which contrast with one another. The B section often modulates to a new key, commonly the dominant in a major key piece or the relative major in a minor key piece.
Ternary Form (ABA): A musical structure comprising three parts. In this form, the first and third sections (A) are musically identical, or very similar, while the second section (B) contrasts the first. The third section is often a recapitulation of the first.
Rondo Form (ABACA): A principal theme (A) alternates with one or more contrasting themes (B, C, etc.). The rondo form is often used for the final movement of a concerto.
Ritornello Form: In Baroque concertos, this form was pervasive where the orchestra established the main ideas of the piece in the ritornello section, and the soloist then elaborated on these themes.

Baroque musicians developed these forms to create contrasting sections within a composition, allowing for varied musical textures and musical development.
By understanding these structures, performers can provide more informed interpretations of Baroque pieces, including concertos.
Renowned composers such as J.S. Bach and A. Vivaldi were known for their use of these structures in their compositions.

The concerto was significantly shaped by these Baroque structures. The ritornello form, in particular, became the foundation of the concerto form.
The contrast used in these structures is particularly impactful in showcasing the interplay between the soloist and the orchestra in a concerto.
Examples of these structures can be found in various Baroque concertos, including J.S. Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos, and most of Antonio Vivaldi’s Four Seasons.