The Classical Concerto

Definition of a Classical Concerto

A Classical Concerto is a musical work generally composed for a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra.
The solo instrument is often a piano or violin, although concertos for other instruments were also composed.
During the classical period (approximately 1750-1820), the concerto took on a specific structure of three movements: fast, slow, fast.

First movement: This is often in sonata form, starting with an orchestral exposition where the main themes are presented by the orchestra.
The solo exposition follows, where the soloist plays the same themes with an opportunity to display their virtuosity.
The development, recapitulation, and coda follow the standard rules of sonata form, but with the inclusion of a cadenza, a solo passage where the soloist can showcase their technical skill.
Second movement: Typically in a slower tempo. It’s often more lyrical and song-like, providing a contrast to the first movement.
Third movement: Typically a fast movement in rondo form, providing a lively and upbeat conclusion to the concerto.

Mozart and Beethoven are key composers of the Classical Concerto. They further developed the form and structure of the concerto.
Mozart’s Piano Concerto No. 21 and Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No. 5 (‘Emperor’) are examples of the Classical Concerto that showcase their respective composer’s unique styles and the characteristics of the Classical Concerto.

In the Classical Concerto, the soloist and orchestra are interdependent. They often alternate, comment on each other, and share themes.
The composer uses the orchestra to create a wider range of colours and to contrast with the soloist.
The soloist is expected to demonstrate technical prowess during the cadenzas, and the central role of the soloist is a key feature of the Classical Concerto.