Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotic cells are complex structures enclosed by a plasma membrane; cells containing a true, membrane-bound nucleus.
Nucleus: The distinct core structure that houses the cell’s DNA. It’s protected by the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Network of folded membranes where proteins and lipids are synthesised. Can be either rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).
Golgi apparatus: This organelle modifies proteins and fats, and prepares them for transport to their final destinations.
Mitochondria: Sites of powerful energy generation. They perform cellular respiration, converting glucose and other nutrients into ATP.
Lysosomes: These contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Chloroplasts: (only in plant cells) Organelles that carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Cell Wall: (only in plant cells) A rigid layer outside the plasma membrane, offering mechanical strength and protection.

Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Prokaryotic cells are simpler structures, with a nucleoid region that contains a loop of DNA but is not membrane-bound like a true nucleus.
Plasmids: Smaller loops of DNA, separate from the main DNA loop, which can be shared between prokaryotes.
Ribosomes: Smaller than those found in eukaryotic cells, these synthesise proteins within the cell.
Cell Wall: This structural layer provides support and protection, commonly made of peptidoglycan in bacteria.
Capsule: This outer coating can protect against antibiotics and help the cell to adhere to surfaces.
Flagella and Pili: Appendages that aid in movement, and help attach to surfaces or other cells.

Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells generally do not have organelles surrounded by membranes, unlike eukaryotes.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid region containing DNA.
The DNA of eukaryotic cells is linear and associated with proteins; in prokaryotes, it is circular and not associated with proteins.
Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and more complex than those in prokaryotes.