Program Constructs in Object-Oriented Development

Variables and Data Types

Variables are named storage locations in memory.
Primitive data types include int (integer), float (floating point number), bool (boolean), char (character), and string (a sequence of characters).
Variables can also hold objects - instances of user-defined or built-in classes.

If-else conditional control structure is used to execute a certain block of code if a certain condition is met, and another block if not.
Switch-case statements are also used for multiple conditions, where each condition or ‘case’ can correspond to a different action.
Loops such as for, while, and do while allow execution of a block of code multiple times, usually until a certain condition is met.
Jump statements like break and continue can control the flow within the loops and conditional structures.

A function is a block of code that accomplishes a specific task, and can be called by its name. It can accept input parameters and optionally return a value.
In object-oriented programming, functions associated with objects are known as methods.
A method in a class can access and modify the data members of that class, which is encapsulated within the object.

An array is a container object that holds a fix number of values of a single type.
A list, or dynamically-sized array, can grow or shrink as needed. In many languages, it can hold values of different types.
Arrays and lists are used to store multiple values in a single variable.

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects (a particular data structure).
An object has properties and behaviours, defined in the class.
Inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation are key principles of object-oriented design.

Exceptions are events that occur during the execution of programs that disrupt the normal flow of instructions.
Try-catch blocks can handle exceptions, where the code in the ‘try’ block is executed, and if any exception occurs, it is caught and handled in the ‘catch’ block.
Proper exception handling is essential for building robust software.