Vehicle electrical systems and components

Vehicle Electrical Systems and Components

Auxiliary Electrical Systems

  • Vehicles rely on auxiliary electrical systems to support the operation and comfort of drivers and passengers.
  • These systems are powered by the car battery when the engine is off and the alternator when the engine is running.
  • Auxiliary systems in a vehicle can include the lighting system, windscreen wipers, climate control system, and in-car entertainment systems.

Car Battery

  • The car battery is a vital component that provides the electrical power needed to start the vehicle’s engine.
  • It also supplies power to the electronic devices and systems when the car engine is switched off.
  • Most car batteries used today are 12-volt lead-acid type.
  • The car battery is charged by the alternator when the engine is running.

Alternator

  • The alternator recharges the battery and provides electrical power to the systems of the vehicle when the engine is running.
  • It is driven by the engine via a serpentine belt.
  • The alternator output is in the form of AC (Alternating Current) but is converted into DC (Direct Current) suitable for the vehicle systems through a device known as a rectifier.

Starter Motor

  • The starter motor is responsible for turning over the engine to initiate the internal combustion process.
  • It uses a significant amount of current, so a healthy battery is required for it to function properly.

Lighting System

  • The vehicle lighting system includes headlights, tail lights, turn indicators, and interior lights.
  • All are essential for safe driving and are controlled by switches on the dashboard.

Audio and Infotainment System

  • In modern vehicles, the audio and infotainment system is a key part of the auxiliary electrical systems, providing entertainment and information to the driver and passengers.
  • It can include speakers, a radio, Bluetooth and USB connectivity, and a touchscreen interface.

Climate Control

  • Climate control utilities such as heater, air conditioners, and defoggers are a crucial part of a vehicle’s auxiliary electrical system.
  • Using fans and heating or cooling elements, these features ensure passenger comfort whatever the weather conditions.

Windscreen Wipers

  • Windscreen wipers provide visibility during rain or snow, clearing the windscreen for the driver.
  • They are operated electrically and their speed can usually be adjusted according to conditions.

Fuses and Relays

  • Fuses and relays are important components of a car’s electrical system that protect it from overloading or short circuits.
  • These components interrupt the flow of electricity when the current exceeds a preset amount.
  • They can be found in the fuse box, which is usually located under the dashboard or hood.