Smoking

The Nature of Smoking

  • Smoking is the act of inhaling the smoke from burning substances, often tobacco, which contains the addictive substance nicotine.
  • The primary route of administration is through the lungs, with nicotine reaching the brain within approximately 10 seconds of inhalation.

Nicotine and the Brain

  • Nicotine interacts with the acetylcholine receptors in the brain, specifically the nicotinic receptors, causing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
  • Dopamine promotes feelings of pleasure and satisfaction while norepinephrine and epinephrine are associated with elevated mood, alertness, and increased heart rate.
  • Over time, the brain becomes desensitised to nicotine, necessitating higher levels of the substance to achieve the same effects - this is known as tolerance.

The Cycle of Addiction

  • Cravings for nicotine develop as the body goes through withdrawal once the effects of nicotine wear off, prompting further smoking behaviour.
  • The onset of withdrawal symptoms like irritability, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating can reinforce the cycle of addiction as smoking temporarily alleviates these symptoms.

Dependency and Withdrawal

  • Dependency on nicotine develops as smoking becomes an essential part of a person’s daily routine and coping mechanisms, evolving into a habit that is difficult to break without help.
  • Withdrawal symptoms from nicotine can include restlessness, insomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, mood swings, depression, and concentration problems.

Behavioural Aspects of Smoking Addiction

  • Smoking is also associated with specific routines or triggers, making it a significant part of a person’s lifestyle and social interactions.
  • Trying to break the cycle of addiction can be complicated by these behavioural aspects, as they can trigger cravings even once physiological dependence on nicotine has been addressed.

Treatment Approic Kingdomshes for Smoking Addiction

  • Approaches to treatment can include nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), where nicotine is administered in controlled, reducing doses to manage withdrawal symptoms.
  • Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), can assist in changing behavioural patterns associated with smoking.
  • Medications such as bupropion and varenicline can also be used to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms.