Physiological Responses to Stress

Acute Stress Response

The acute stress response, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body’s immediate reaction to perceived danger or threat.
This response involves the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol which prepare the body to either confront or flee from the threat.
Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels in the blood, fueling an immediate burst of energy.
Cortisol suppresses non-emergency bodily functions like the immune response and digestion, and curbs functions that would be nonessential in a fight or flight situation (like growth, reproduction, and skin regeneration). It also reinforces the body’s energy by stimulating fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

Chronic Stress Response

Chronic stress, unlike acute stress, can’t be resolved quickly. This type of stress can come from ongoing demands and pressures and can result in long-term physiological changes.
The body’s stress-response system is usually self-limiting, and once a perceived threat has passed, hormone levels return to normal. But in the case of chronic stress, these systems do not get the opportunity to turn off, leading to continued cortisol production.
Ongoing cortisol presence can interfere with the body’s regular processes, such as sleep and digestion, leading to problems like insomnia, anxiety, depression, and digestive issues.
High levels of cortisol over time can also lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease.

Behavioural and Emotional Responses to Stress

Stress can lead to noticeable behavioural changes, such as increased intake of food, alcohol or cigarettes. Some people might experience changes in sleeping patterns, or withdrawal from social activities.
Stress can cause or intensify emotional problems like irritability, anxiety, and depression.
Some individuals may have difficulty concentrating or making decisions when stressed, which can affect academic or professional performance.

Variations in Stress Response

Individual biology and genetic makeup play a role in the response to stress, with some people naturally being more reactive to stressful situations.
Previous life experiences, particularly stressful or traumatic events, can shape the stress response.
Coping mechanisms and relaxation techniques, like exercise or mindfulness, can significantly mitigate physiological reactions to stress.

Remember that although the stress response is a universal biological feature, individual reactions to stress greatly vary. It’s crucial to understand personal triggers and responses to develop effective stress management strategies.