Textile surface treatments

Textile Surface Treatments

The textile surface treatments are the processes that modify a textile surface to improve its aesthetic, performance and functionality properties. The choice of treatment depends on the intended end use of the fabric.

Printing Techniques

  • Block printing is a traditional method in which a carved material covered in ink is pressed onto the fabric creating the desired pattern.
  • Screen printing involves transferring ink through a mesh screen stencil onto fabric.
  • Digital printing, a modern method similar to a standard inkjet printer, allows for detailed and intricate designs.
  • Heat transfer printing uses heat to transfer a design from a paper to the fabric.

Dyeing Techniques

  • Direct dyeing is when the fabric is immersed in a dye bath and the dye molecules are absorbed into the fabric directly.
  • Indirect dyeing involves a chemical reaction to create insoluble dyestuffs, which permanently attach to the fabric.
  • Cross dyeing is a method used to dye multifibre fabrics in mixed colours.
  • Tie-dyeing is a resist technique where certain areas of the fabric are tied or folded to prevent the dye from reaching them.

Finishing Techniques

  • Bleaching is used to remove natural and artificial impurities in fabrics before colouring process.
  • Mercerising involves treating cotton yarn or fabric under tension with caustic soda solution to improve lustre and strength.
  • Brushing or raising is a process that makes the fabric surface fluffier, enhancing its insulation, softness and comfort.
  • Coating and lamination involves adding a layer of another material on the surface of a fabric to enhance properties such as water-resistance and UV protection.

Embellishment Techniques

  • Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric using needle and thread. Modern techniques include machine embroidery and digital embroidery designs.
  • Lace making, including techniques like tatting and crochet, can create intricate patterns and is often used for decorative purposes.
  • Appliqué involves sewing pieces of fabric onto a larger piece to create a design or pattern.
  • Sequinning and beading are additional embellishments used for decoration, usually in high fashion or special occasion garments.

Remember, the choice of surface treatment can greatly modify the hand, look, and functionality of a fabric, and understanding these techniques will benefit any design project.