Exploratory Techniques

Exploratory techniques are used to discover and evaluate potential mineral resources.

One of the most commonly used methods is geological mapping.
This involves studying the physical aspects and structures of rocks on the Earth’s surface.
Detailed maps are produced including the location of rock types and their structures, allowing experts to make educated estimates about the presence of specific minerals.

Geophysical methods of exploration like magnetic, electric, and gravity surveys help detect minerals beneath the Earth’s surface that may not be observable in a surface mapping exercise.
Magnetic surveying is especially useful for detecting minerals that have significant magnetic properties such as iron ore.
Gravity surveying helps identify variations in the Earth’s gravity field that could indicate the presence of certain types of mineral deposits.

Geochemical techniques involve testing soil, rocks, water and vegetation for trace elements that could indicate the presence of desired minerals.
Biochemical methods are a subset of this, using organisms to find anomalies in the content of elements.
These methods can help identify minerals present underneath the Earth’s surface without disturbing the landscape.

Remote sensing techniques use satellite or aeroplane-based sensors to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the Earth’s surface.
Techniques such as multispectral imaging and hyperspectral imaging can be used to identify areas rich in a particular mineral based on the unique spectral signature of the mineral.

Drilling is a more intrusive exploratory technique often used once other methods suggest a desirable mineral deposit.
It provides direct information on the type, extent, and grade of ore bodies, making it an essential method of confirming and further evaluating potential mining sites.

Interpretation of Data

After conducting these exploration methods, the data must be recorded, analysed and interpreted to determine the exact location, size, orientation, and value of the prospective mineral deposit.
The combination of various exploratory techniques provides a comprehensive understanding of the resource potential, directing further exploration or extraction activities.

Although they are crucial in the discovery of mineral reserves, these exploratory methods also have an environmental impact.
It is important to consider sustainable practices in mineral exploration, such as minimising land disruption and maintaining transparency in activities to ensure ethical and environmental considerations are met.