Outline of the Biological Area

Biological Area of Psychology

Biological psychology focuses on the physical and biological processes that underlie human behaviour.
Central to this perspective is the role of the brain and the nervous system - particularly the subtle and complex interactions within and between them.

Genetics - Biological psychologists highlight the importance of genetic influences and inheritance. They observe and analyse how physical traits and certain behaviours can be passed from one generation to the next.
Evolution - This refers to the idea that behaviours which are advantageous for survival and reproduction are naturally selected and thus exhibit continuity across generations.
Neurochemistry - The study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and hormones, that influence the functioning of neurons; this perspective suggests that imbalances in these chemicals may be responsible for certain behaviours or mental disorders.
Brain Structure - Biological Psychologists study the physical structures of the brain and how they relate to behaviour. They draw upon techniques such as MRI and PET scans to observe the brain in action.

Determinism - Biological psychology assumes that human behaviour is largely determined by an individual’s genes, brain structure, and neurochemistry.
Reductionism - The biological view also advices a reductionist approach, suggesting that complex behaviours can be reduced to their simplest biological components; a single gene or neurotransmitter, for instance.

Roger Sperry studied the function of individual hemispheres of the brain through his research on the split-brain.
Paul Broca identified the region in the frontal lobe (Broca’s area) primarily responsible for speech production.
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel conducted studies which helped to understand the role of individual neurons in the visual system.
James Olds and Peter Milner identified the role of the brain’s pleasure centre.

Strengths of the biological approach include its emphasis on objective methods of investigation, the ability to provide clear predictions, and the potential for practical application in medicine and therapy.
Weaknesses include its reductionist perspective, potential for determinism, and the difficulty in separating the influences of nature and nurture.

Brain imaging techniques such as MRI and PET scans are central to study in this area. These allow for non-invasive study of the active brain.
Drug trials help in understanding the impact of certain chemicals on brain activity and behaviour.
Twin and adoption studies are used to determine the relative influence of genes and the environment in predicting behaviour.