Definition and Understanding

Social Facilitation: Refers to the phenomenon where an individual’s performance improves when they are surrounded by others.
Social Inhibition: Contrary to social facilitation, here the presence of others hinders an individual’s performance.

Key Theories

Zajonc’s Drive Theory: Argues that the presence of others increases arousal in performers, thereby enhancing the tendency to execute ‘dominant responses’.
Distraction-Conflict Theory: Suggests that the presence of others can be distracting, leading to divided attention and performance decrement.

Task Complexity: Simpler or well-learned tasks are generally performed better in the presence of others, while complex or new tasks may suffer.
Personality Traits: Extroverted individuals are more likely to experience social facilitation, while introverts may experience social inhibition.
Audience Effect: The impact of passive spectators on performance. Positive or negative effects can occur, depending on an athlete’s interpretation.
Co-action Effects: The impact of performing a similar task alongside others, can lead to competition or cooperation.

Positive Group Dynamics: Improve performance by fostering a supportive and motivational environment.
Team Roles and Norms: Clear understanding of individual roles within a team can enhance performance.
Team Cohesion: Refers to the extent to which a team stays together in the pursuit of common goals. High team cohesion usually improves team performance.

Team Building Activities: Can improve team cohesion, communication, and overall performance.
Goal Setting: Collaborative setting of team goals can enhance motivation and performance.
Effective Communication: Clear communication with and amongst team members is crucial for optimal teamwork and performance.

Relaxation Techniques and Arousal Regulation: Can manage the influence of others on an individual’s arousal levels.
Mental Imagery: Visualization techniques can prepare athletes for performing in front of others to minimise any negative impacts.
Self-Talk: Reinforcement of positive thought patterns can enhance confidence and reduce anxiety related to performing with others.