Arousal and Anxiety (Biological)

Definition and Understanding

Arousal: A physiological and psychological state of alertness and readiness.
Anxiety: This refers to a negative emotional state characterised by nervousness, worry and apprehension as well as activation or arousal of the body’s nervous system.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Activated in response to stress. It involves two branches, the parasympathetic (calming effect) and sympathetic (arousing effect) nervous systems.
Fight or Flight Response: Reaction triggered by perceived harmful events, attacks or threats to survival. Cortisol and adrenaline are released.
Endorphins: These are “feel good” hormones. Increased level of physical activity leads to release of endorphins which may decrease feelings of anxiety.
Adrenalin: The hormone that the body releases in response to stress. This increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism, contributing to increased arousal and alertness.
Cortisol: A hormone which helps the body respond to stress. If the levels of cortisol remain high for prolonged periods, it can lead to a decreased immune response and prolonged feelings of anxiety.

Drive Theory: Suggests that as arousal increases, so does performance. However, it does not take into consideration the negative effects of high levels of arousal and anxiety.
Inverted-U Hypothesis: Proposes that performance improves with increased physiological arousal, but only up to a point. Beyond this, further increase in arousal leads to deterioration in performance.
Catastrophe Theory: It suggests a rapid decline in performance following high cognitive anxiety and arousal.

Psychophysiological methods: Such as heart rate, blood pressure and galvanic skin response. These are direct but intrusive.
Self-report methods: Such as questionnaires or interviews. These are indirect and rely on the individual’s introspective abilities.
Behavioural observations: Such as observing changes in performance or actions. These are indirect and known to many intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Relaxation techniques: Deep breathing or meditation can help reduce arousal and anxiety levels.
Positive Self-Talk: Helps to keep focus, maintain confidence and reduce anxiety levels.
Imagery: Visualization of successful performance to reduce cognitive anxiety.
Physical Activity and Exercise: Regular physical activity can lead to reductions in anxiety and improved mood and well-being.