Understanding Isomerism

Isomerism is a phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement. That means, isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, but these atoms are arranged differently in space.
This distinct arrangement gives each isomer its own specific properties, including different chemical behaviours and physical properties.

Types of Isomerism

Structural (or constitutional) isomerism arises from the different possible arrangements of the carbon skeleton. Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, functional group isomerism, positional isomerism, and tautomeric isomerism.
Stereoisomerism occurs when isomers have the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement. Types of stereoisomerism include geometric (or cis-trans) isomerism and optical isomerism.

Chain isomerism, a type of structural isomerism, is common in alkanes. Chain isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton. For example, pentane (C5H12) has 3 chain isomers: pentane, 2-methylbutane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane.
Positional isomerism, another type of structural isomerism, is often seen in alkanes and alkenes. Positional isomers differ in the location of the functional group. For example, 1-butene and 2-butene are positional isomers of each other.
In alkenes, geometric isomerism (a type of stereoisomerism) can occur due to the restriction of rotation around the carbon-carbon double bond. This results in cis and trans isomers.

Different isomers of a compound can exhibit different physical and chemical properties. This includes differences in boiling points, melting points, density, and reactivity. For example, cis and trans isomers of an alkene may have dissimilar physical properties.
Understanding isomerism is crucial in many areas of chemistry and biochemistry, as the biological activity of molecules often depends on their exact three-dimensional arrangement.