Visual/Material Sources (War and Warfare)

Pottery and Ceramics

Greek pottery, particularly from the 8th century BC onwards, often illustrates various aspects of war and warfare.
The François vase (6th century BC) showcases a range of mythological battles and military rituals, thus reflecting the social and cultural importance of warfare in ancient Greece.
Such visuals are crucial aids to understanding arms, armour, and battlefield tactics used in historical or mythological scenarios.

Sculpture and Statues

Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures often depicted warriors, heroes and gods, sometimes in action on the battlefield, offering a rich source of detail about weaponry, armour, and fighting styles.
Examples include the Aegina pediments (5th century BC), which display scenes from the Trojan War, and the Augustus of Prima Porta statue (1st century AD) that portrays the first Roman emperor in military attire.
Grave markers or stelae also depict scenes of soldiers and warfare, embodying the societal honour of wartime service and sacrifice.

Busts and Coins

Roman emperors would have their respective images imprinted on coins, often showcasing military success or prowess, such as the Coins of Hadrian (117-138 AD), which help to understand how military achievements were conveyed and celebrated.
Busts of emperors, generals and other high-ranking officials often depicted them in military attire or context, presenting another viewpoint into how war was perceived and honoured in society.

Monuments and Inscriptions

The Ara Pacis (13-9 BC) and Trajan’s Column (107 AD) are Roman monuments that feature detailed reliefs and inscriptions celebrating military victories.
Such monuments allow for a comprehensive view of military ceremonies, such as triumphs, that were of great public interest and enjoyment.
They also provide an understanding of how wars, victories, and military endeavours were chronicled and viewed as part of Roman imperial propaganda and culture.

Archaeological Sites and Artifacts

Archaeological sites such as battlefields or military forts provide evidence not just in terms of structures, but also in the form of artifacts like discarded weapons, guard posts, etc., which are insightful.
Studying these sites can help discern strategies employed in warfare including the positioning of troops, types of fortifications, and understand the realities of war.
Collections of personal effects found at such sites offer insight into the everyday life of soldiers, humanising the experience of war beyond the grand strategical and tactical narratives.

In revising visual and material sources relevant to war and warfare, a thorough exploration of pottery, sculpture, coins, monuments, and archaeological sites provide invaluable insights. Understanding the context and detail of such evidence encourages a deeper grasp of the diverse and profound impact of war on ancient cultures and societies.