Programming Errors

Programming Errors

Syntax Errors

• Definition: Syntax errors occur when rules of the programming language are broken. These rules pertain to language structure and grammar.
• For instance, forgetting to close a bracket, or mistyping a keyword would cause a syntax error.
• Syntax errors are caught by the compiler or interpreter before the program runs, so they prevent the program from executing until they’re corrected.

Logic Errors

• Definition: Logic errors happen when the code does not perform according to the programmer’s intention. The program may still run without crashing, but the outcome won’t be as expected.
• These errors are usually due to flawed problem-solving approaches, incorrect assumptions, or misunderstanding of the program requirements.
• Since the program can still run, logic errors can be harder to detect than syntax errors. Debugging and testing are essential to find and fix them.

Runtime Errors

• Definition: Runtime errors occur while the program is running, leading it to suddenly stop or crash.
• Reasons can include illegal operations like dividing by zero, or accessing out-of-bounds elements in an array.
• In some cases, exception handling can be used to deal with runtime errors and prevent crashes.

Semantic Errors

• Definition: Semantic errors occur when code is logically sound and free of syntax errors, but performs in a way that’s not intended.
• Semantic errors often result from misunderstanding of the language’s features or syntax, and can be difficult to detect because the code appears correct.
• Proper understanding of the language and regular code review can help identify semantic errors.

Key Steps to Handle Errors

• Compiler or Interpreter Messages: Use these messages to understand the nature of the error and the location in your code.
• Debugging: Use a debugger or print statements to inspect the program’s state at various points and identify the issue.
• Testing: Regularly test your program with different inputs and conditions to spot any unexpected behaviour.
• Code Review: Have peers review your code. They may spot errors that you’ve overlooked.
• Understanding of the Language: A thorough understanding of the programming language’s syntax and features helps prevent and identify a variety of errors.