Using sociological theories to analyse and explain human social behaviour.

Using sociological theories to analyse and explain human social behaviour.

Functionalism

  • Functionalism views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain social stability.
  • Emile Durkheim, one of the key figures of functionalism, stressed the importance of shared values, social norms and institutions in maintaining societal order.
  • Functionalism emphasises how social institutions (e.g. family, education, and religion) contribute to the smooth operation of society.
  • Consider how conflicts, dysfunctions, and changes within one part of the system can impact the other parts and the whole society.

Conflict Theory

  • Conflict theory, influenced by the works of Karl Marx, views society as inherently unequal, marked by class struggles and power dynamics.
  • It highlights how societal institutions further societal inequality, benefitting the powerful at the expense of the less powerful.
  • Think about how economic and social inequalities shape individual and group behaviour.
  • This theory suggests that to understand social behaviour, it’s essential to examine the structural and material conditions of a society.

Symbolic Interactionism

  • Symbolic interactionism, inspired by George Herbert Mead’s work, explores how individuals shape society through their interactions and interpretation of symbolic meanings.
  • This theory underscores the role of symbols, language, and personal interactions in shaping social reality.
  • Examine individual and group behaviours in specific contexts and situations, paying attention to the subjective meaning individuals place on their actions.
  • Remember that symbolic interactionism concerns the micro-level of analysis (small scale patterns of social interaction).

Feminist Theory

  • Feminist theory focuses on gender as a central aspect of social structure and examines ways in which societal institutions perpetuate gender inequality.
  • It highlights the influence of patriarchy, which prioritises male power and dominance, on social behaviours and relationships.
  • Contemplate how gender expectations and gendered power dynamics influence individual behaviours, societal norms, and institutions.
  • Various branches of feminist theory (such as Intersectional Feminism) emphasise different perspectives and experiences based on intersecting social identities like race, class, and sexual orientation, in addition to gender.

Postmodernism

  • Postmodernism challenges the grand theories like Functionalism and Marxism, arguing that they cannot fully explain modern, diverse, and complex societies.
  • It concentrates on individual experiences and questions the singular truth, suggesting instead that reality is socially constructed and subjective.
  • Consider the role of mass media and technology in shaping individuals’ perceptions of reality and their social behaviour.
  • Bear in mind that postmodernists value difference, diversity, and individualism, rejecting notions of a collective societal goal or shared reality.