OIl and Gas Basins

Understand that oil and gas basins are special types of sedimentary basins that have accumulated hydrocarbons due to the presence of organic-rich source rocks undergoing burial, pressure and heat.
Recognise different classifications of oil and gas basins like foreland basins, rift basins, deltaic basins and passive margin basins. Each of these displays unique tectonic, sedimentary and temporal characteristics favourable for oil or gas accumulation.
Discuss the concept of petroleum system which includes the source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, seal and trap. An effective petroleum system is essential for oil and gas accumulation in a basin.

Hydrocarbon Generation in Basins

Understand that hydrocarbons are formed from organic matter incorporated into sediment during deposition. With time, temperature and pressure, these form kerogens which then generate hydrocarbons.
Realise that rich source rocks typically include shales or limestones with high organic content.
Recognize that oil and gas windows signifies the depth and temperature range suitable for oil or gas generation.
Learn that pressure and temperature conditions, time, and type of organic matter determine whether oil, gas or both are generated.

Understand the role of reservoir rocks in storing hydrocarbons. These typically comprise sandstones or limestones with high porosity and permeability.
Become familiar with the concept of traps which are structural or stratigraphic features that prevent the upward migration of buoyant hydrocarbons and facilitate their accumulation.
Recognize common types of traps, including anticline traps, fault traps, salt dome traps and stratigraphic traps.

Comprehend that oil and gas exploration involves locating potential hydrocarbon traps using seismic surveys and drilling exploratory wells.
Realise that 3D seismic imaging is an important tool for mapping subsurface geology and identifying potential traps. It generates a three-dimensional view of the subsurface by bouncing sound waves off underground rock structures.
Understand the role of well logging, which provides detailed information about the rock types, fluids, pressures and temperatures in a drilled well. Well logs can help identify oil or gas reservoirs and estimate their size and productivity.

Learn about the concept of reserves, which refer to the amount of oil or gas in a field that’s economically recoverable.
Know that Peak Oil theory suggests that oil production follows a bell curve, eventually reaching a point of maximum production followed by a decline.
Understand the impacts of oil and gas extraction on the environment, and the need for sustainable practices in the industry.
Recognise the importance of renewable energy alternatives and energy efficiency as part of reducing reliance on fossil fuels.