Constructing valid arguments and counter-arguments in writing.

Understand the standard structure of an argument in Japanese, which typically includes claim, evidence, and justification.
Develop your ability to construct a clear thesis. This is the central claim you are making, to which all your arguments should contribute.
Mast the use of logical connectors (‘nonetheless’, ‘therefore’, ‘however’, etc.) to enhance the clarity and cohesion of your argument.
Incorporate supporting details that are relevant and compelling. These can support your argument, illustrate your point and make it more believable.
Use specific examples that strongly support your argument. Remember that the quality and relevance of the examples you use are more important than the quantity.

Gain familiarity with invoking counter-arguments. This is an effective way to make your argument stronger by anticipating and addressing opposing viewpoints.
Learn to identify and utilise common argument patterns, such as refuting an opposing argument, supporting your argument, or conceding points where appropriate.
Master the nuanced application of hedges and modals. Expressions such as “perhaps”, “might”, “suggests that”, etc., are useful in forming counter-arguments in a respectful manner.

Incorporate both your arguments and counter-arguments into a cohesive structure. This typically includes an introduction, body (with arguments and counter-arguments), and conclusion.
Ensure your arguments and counter-arguments flow logically from one to the next. Each point should transition smoothly, contributing to forming a comprehensive picture.
Present a well-rounded conclusion. Summarise your arguments and counter-arguments and clearly articulate your final stance.

Regularly practice writing in diverse genres. This will help you become comfortable adapting the framing of your arguments and counter-arguments to match different styles.
Use peer or self-editing to make continuous improvements. Review your writing for strength of argument, clarity, cohesion, and ore.
Commit yourself to constant reading in Japanese across a range of genres and topics. This helps in both vocabulary and knowledge acquisition, which in turn lends weight to your arguments and counter-arguments.