DNA Profiling

• DNA profiling, also called DNA fingerprinting, involves establishing an individual’s DNA characteristics which are as unique to an individual as fingerprints.
• These profiles are used in several areas such as forensic science, parental testing, genealogical research, and more.
• DNA is extracted from cells, such as those in blood, hair roots, skin, and other body tissues and fluids.
• The extracted DNA is then cut into fragments using an enzyme. The segmentation process is generally referred to as restriction digest.
• Fragments are then sorted by size through a process called gel electrophoresis. Electric current is used to separate DNA fragments based on size, forming a pattern that is specific to an individual.
• The pattern of fragments, the DNA profile, is then visualised with the help of a dye and ultraviolet light.
• DNA profiles are compared to establish biological relationships or to identify individuals. No two individuals, barring identical twins, have the same DNA profile.
• DNA profiling can also be used to identify species in biodiversity studies and in determining the population structure in conservation biology.
• Strands of DNA are often stored in a database, known as DNA databanks. This can help with future investigations or tests.
• Due to the uniqueness of DNA profiles, issues such as bioethics, privacy, and data security have arisen regarding the use and storage of this information.

Remember:

• DNA profiling is an important technique that has revolutionised many areas of science, particularly forensic science and biological relationships.
• Always consider the ethical implications of DNA profiling.
• Ensure you understand each step of the DNA profiling process, as this can be tested for understanding, from extraction to visualisation of the DNA profile.