Diabetes

• Diabetes is a health condition that affects the regulation of glucose levels in the bloodstream.

• Two primary forms exist: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 typically develops in childhood and is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 generally occurs later in life and is associated with lifestyle factors like obesity; it results from the body’s cells becoming resistant to insulin.

• Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas. It’s main function is to decrease the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. When a person eats, blood glucose levels rise, triggering the pancreas to release insulin, which allows the cells to take in and use glucose for cellular activities.

• If the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or the body’s cells do not respond to insulin effectively, then blood glucose levels remain high, resulting in hyperglycaemia. This is the main symptom of diabetes.

• Symptoms of diabetes can include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. If left untreated, prolonged high blood glucose levels can result in serious health complications, such as heart disease, stroke, and damage to nerves and kidneys.

• Type 1 diabetes is usually managed with regular injections of insulin to compensate for the pancreas’ lack of production. Type 2 can sometimes be managed through lifestyle changes, such as improved diet and increased exercise. However, medication or insulin may also be required.

• Blood glucose levels are normally controlled through negative feedback cycles. When blood glucose concentration rises, insulin is released to lower it. When blood glucose concentration is too low, another hormone, glucagon, is released to increase it.

• A person with diabetes needs to closely monitor their blood glucose levels to ensure they stay within a healthy range. This is often achieved through the use of home blood glucose testing kits or continuous glucose monitors. The results inform whether an individual needs to administer more insulin, consume more glucose, or make other changes to maintain balanced blood sugar levels.

• Research continues to work towards better treatment options and a potential cure for diabetes. This includes work on islet cell transplants and development of artificial pancreases.

• Understanding and recognising the signs, symptoms, causes and management of diabetes is critical in health education as it is a condition that affects a significant percentage of the global population.