Society and economy

Society during the period 750–1400

Feudalism was a dominant social structure. It featured a hierarchy of relationships and ethical obligations that dictated societal functioning.
There existed a well-defined social pyramid, with king at the top, followed by lords, vassals and at the bottom, serfs or peasants.
Serfdom was a type of slavery where serfs or peasants worked the land of their lords in exchange for protection.
The Church held significant power and influence over people’s lives. Its place in society was interwoven with the feudal structure.
Women’s roles were generally restricted to the domestic sphere, as they had limited rights and their status was often dependent on their husbands.
Knights played a key role in society. They were typically granted land by their lord in return for military service. The concepts of chivalry and courtly love became popular during this period.
Emergence of guilds and craft organisations. They played a crucial role in economic expansion as they regulated production and promoted trade.

Economy during the period 750–1400

The manorial system, an aspect of feudalism, was a fundamental economic structure where the lord or the landowner held the economic power.
Agriculture was the primary economic activity. Most people were farmers who produced food for their own consumption and for their lords.
Three-field system of crop rotation improved agricultural productivity and contributed to better living standards.
The manorial market was the main place for commercial transactions. It was usually under the control of the lord who could charge tolls and fees.
Use of money became more common during the later Middle Ages, leading to the rise of professional moneylenders and the expansion of credit exchange.
The trade and commerce saw significant growth, particularly from the 11th century onwards, leading to the rise of towns and cities.
Guilds regulated the production and sale of goods, ensuring quality control and fixing of prices. They had significant influence over economic life.
The Crusades (1095–1291) had a considerable economic impact. They exposed Europe to the wealth and technologies of Eastern societies.

Impact of the Black Death on Society and Economy (mid-14th century)

The Black Death (1347–1351) wiped out about one-third of the European population which had profound effects on society and the economy.
Led to a shift in economic power from the nobility to the peasants due to severe labour shortage.
A rise in social mobility as surviving peasants could demand higher wages and better working conditions.
Triggered a period of spiritual questioning and doubt, undermining the influence of the Church.
The epidemic changed the mortality patterns and age structure of the population, leading to a younger average population.
Encouraged the development of public health measures and facilities in some cities.

Please note that these points provide a broad overview and you will need to delve into each theme in more depth to fully understand the intricacies and nuances associated with the societal and economic changes during the period 750–1400.