Influences on cognitive and social development – IB Psychology Standard Level Revision

Section 1: Cognitive Development Influences

Piaget believed that cognitive development progressed through stages, with new cognitive skills being acquired at each stage.
Influences on cognitive development can be divided into maturation (biological growth processes) and experience (interactions with the environment).
Factors such as poverty, education, parenting style, and culture can influence the pace and manner of cognitive development.
Specific developmental disorders, such as autism or ADHD, can also impact cognitive development.

Section 2: Social Development Influences

Erikson proposed a theory of psychosocial development, with distinct stages and corresponding social conflicts.
Early attachments, especially with primary caregivers, can greatly influence social development according to John Bowlby.
Development of theory of mind, the ability to understand others’ mental states, is crucial for social development.
Cultural variation plays a significant role in socialization processes and therefore in overall social development.
Peer relationships and friendships contribute significantly to a child’s social development and understanding of social norms.

Section 3: The Interaction of Cognitive and Social Development

Cognitive and social development closely interact. For instance, the level of cognitive development can affect how children understand and respond to social situations.
Vygotsky indicated the importance of social interaction and culture for cognitive development in his socio-cultural theory.
Key cognitive skills, such as executive function skills (including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control), influence children’s social competence and their ability to form positive relationships.

Section 4: The Role of Education

Education provides children with crucial cognitive and social experiences and can reduce the impact of socioeconomic disadvantages on development.
High-quality early childhood education can have long-lasting effects on cognitive and social development, contributing to better academic and social outcomes.
Educational interventions can be valuable tools for supporting cognitive and social development in children with developmental disorders or those who have experienced adverse childhood experiences.