Life cycle assessment

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service throughout its life cycle.
The LCA process involves four main stages: definition of purpose and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation.
The purpose and scope of an LCA defines what is being analysed, the boundaries of the analysis, and the intended use of the study.
Inventory analysis involves collecting data on inputs (e.g., raw materials, energy) and outputs (e.g., emissions, waste) in relation to the product, process, or service being assessed.
Impact assessment is the phase where potential environmental impacts are evaluated based on the data collected in the inventory analysis.
Interpretation is the final stage where results are analysed and conclusions are drawn. Recommendations for improvement can also be made at this stage.
LCA is a cradle-to-grave approach. This means it considers the entire life cycle of a product, from raw material extraction, through production and use, to disposal.
Incorporating an LCA into the design process can help identify opportunities to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability.
It’s important to note that LCA results depend on numerous factors and assumptions, which can make them complex and somewhat subjective.
LCA results can be used to inform eco-labels or environmental product declarations (EPDs), which help consumers make informed choices.
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 are international standards that provide guidelines for conducting LCAs to ensure consistency and accuracy.
Understanding and implementing LCA can play a significant role in achieving sustainability goals in design.