The First Crusade, 1095–1100

Contextual Background

The First Crusade was initiated by Pope Urban II at the Clermont Council, as a response to a call for help from Emperor Alexios I of the Byzantine Empire. This was due to the increasing threat of the Seljuk Turks, who had already taken over much of the Byzantine’s Asian territories.
The main reason for the crusade was to regain the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, from Muslim control.
Another major goal was to reduce internal conflicts within Europe, thereby unifying Christian armies under the papacy against a common enemy.

Key Events of the Crusade

Preaching of the Crusade: In 1095, Pope Urban II launched a mobilisation effort across Europe, utilising the power of speech to inspire thousands to take up the cross. He offered the crusaders indulgences for sins, meaning they could essentially secure their place in heaven.
People’s Crusade: Predating the main crusade, this popular, largely unorganised movement was led by Peter the Hermit in 1096. It ended in a devastating loss at the hands of the Turks, alerting the crusaders to the seriousness of their mission.
Siege of Nicaea: In May 1097, the crusaders laid siege to Nicaea, a key city under the control of the Seljuk Turks. After successful negotiations, the city was handed over to the Byzantine Empire.
Battle of Dorylaeum: In July 1097, the Crusaders fought and defeated the Seljuk Turks in a significant battle, which opened the road to Jerusalem.
Fall of Jerusalem: On 15 July 1099, the crusaders successfully captured Jerusalem from its Muslim rulers after a five-week siege.

Consequences and Impact

The First Crusade resulted in the establishment of four Crusader States in the Middle-East: Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli, collectively known as the Latin East.
It increased tension between Christians and Muslims, a conflict that would persist for centuries.
The success of the First Crusade sparked further calls for Crusades, leading to a series of religious wars known as the Crusades.
It marked the start of an increased Christian presence and influence in the Middle East, initiating a dialogue, albeit violent, between the East and West.
The crusaders’ victory legitimised the notion of ‘holy war’ which was used as basis for future Crusades.

Key Figures

Pope Urban II: Initiator of the First Crusade, his famous speech at Clermont significantly influenced European response.
Peter the Hermit: Leader of the People’s crusade, which failed miserably but set the stage for the official crusade.
Emperor Alexios I of Byzantine: His call for help against the Seljuks was a major trigger for the First Crusade.
Godfrey of Bouillon: A key leader of the crusader armies, he was named Defender of the Holy Sepulchre after Jerusalem fell.