Immigration – GCSE History Eduqas Revision

Early 20th century saw a massive influx of immigrants into the USA mainly from Europe. They were attracted by the American Dream and prospects of a better life.
Arrival destinations like Ellis Island and Angel Island processed millions of immigrants. These locations served as points of entry and also enforced health and legal checks on the immigrants.
This period witnessed a significant rise in the country’s multiculturalism, creating a ‘melting pot’ of cultures. However, this also led to increased societal tension and xenophobia.

As a response to the influx of immigrants and developing societal tension, the USA implemented several immigration restrictions.
The 1917 Immigration Act introduced a literacy test, meaning immigrants had to demonstrate basic reading comprehension in their native language.
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited the number of immigrants based on nationality, creating quotas designed to favour Northern and Western Europeans.
The National Origins Act of 1924 further limited the annual number of immigrants. It lowered the quota from 3% to 2% of each nationality’s population in the US in 1890, thus discriminating against Eastern and Southern Europeans.

Immigrants had a significant impact on the American workforce, especially in industries like steel, meatpacking, and textile manufacturing. They often accepted lower wages and worked under harsh conditions.
Immigrants played a crucial part in the USA’s economic growth, fuelling industrial development and contributing to the country’s wealth.
On the downside, immigrants were often targets of discrimination and prejudice. They were viewed as job stealers and a threat to American values, leading to friction and conflict within society.

The 1920s was a period marked by deep-seated fear of immigration, commonly known as the ‘Red Scare’. This came from the fear of radical political ideologies brought by immigrants, especially after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
Anti-immigration sentiment led to negative stereotypes and discrimination against immigrants. This led to hostility and sometimes violence, such as the Sacco and Vanzetti case.
Despite facing considerable challenges, immigrant communities strengthened their identities, preserving their cultural practices and traditions. They also made significant contributions to the culture and diversity of American society.