Random Nature of Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay is a spontaneous process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.
This process is random and unpredictable. It is impossible to predict exactly when a particular atom will decay.
Even though the exact time of decay for a single atom cannot be predicted, the average decay rate for a large group of atoms can be calculated. This is known as the half-life of a radioactive substance, which is the time taken for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.
Alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) emissions are the three types of radioactive decay. Alpha particles are made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are high-energy photons.
During alpha decay, the nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, thus changing the atomic number and atomic mass of the atom. Beta decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton and an electron (beta particle), which is emitted.
In gamma decay, there is no change in the atomic number or atomic mass. Instead, the nucleus transitions from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, emitting a gamma photon in the process.
Decay chains represent the sequential decay of a radioactive parent isotope to stable daughter isotopes.

Safety Precautions with Radioactive Decay

Considering the random and unpredictable nature of radioactive decay, it is important to exercise caution when handling radioactive materials.
Radioactive substances should be stored in containers lined with lead or concrete as these materials can block or significantly reduce the intensity of alpha, beta, and to some degree, gamma radiation.
Safety equipment such as gloves and aprons should be worn to prevent radioactive contamination of clothes and skin.
Radioactive materials should always be handled using tongs or forceps to maintain a safe distance.
Never point a radioactive source towards yourself or others and always point it away, this is due to the penetrating power of the radioactive emissions.