Atomic Structure: Background Radiation and Contamination

Background Radiation

Background radiation is a natural form of ionising radiation that’s always present in the environment.
It originates from various sources such as cosmic rays from space, naturally occurring radioactive materials in the ground including uranium and radon gases, and man-made sources like nuclear power plants.
We are constantly exposed to this low level of radiation, although the amount varies depending on your location and lifestyle.

Radiation contamination refers to the presence of radioactive material on or within an object, environment or person.
If a radioactive material contaminates an object or person, they become radioactive and can emit harmful ionising radiation.
Removing or reducing contamination can be difficult and dangerous, requiring specialised equipment and procedures.
Irradiation refers to being exposed to radiation but without coming into direct contact with the radioactive source.
Materials or individuals that are irradiated are not made radioactive. This is because the source of the radiation doesn’t physically remain with the irradiated objects or individuals.
For example, standing outside on a sunny day subjects you to irradiation from the Sun’s radiation, but you do not become radioactive yourself.

Exposure to high levels of ionising radiation can be harmful, potentially causing damage to cells which can result in radiation sickness or an increased risk of cancer.
There are three main principles for protecting against radiation: time, distance, and shielding.
Time: Reduce the time spent near the radioactive source.
Distance: Increase the distance from the radioactive source.
Shielding: Use physical barriers to block or reduce the level of radiation.
It’s also crucial to use appropriate detection and monitoring equipment to assess the level of radiation and the effectiveness of the protection measures.

Background radiation is a naturally occurring ionising radiation we’re constantly exposed to, but the level varies based on location and lifestyle.
Understanding the difference between contamination (presence of radioactive material) and irradiation (exposure to radiation) is critical.
High levels of ionising radiation can be harmful; hence appropriate protection measures should be taken, including reducing exposure time, increasing distance from the source, and applying adequate shielding.