The Formative History of Judaism
The Formative History of Judaism
Formative History of Judaism
Origins
- Judaism stems from the Covenant between God and Abraham around 1812 BC, establishing the Jewish people.
- Jews are seen as the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.
- The Twelve Tribes of Israel originated from Jacob’s twelve sons.
Exodus and Moses
- A key event is the Exodus from Egypt, led by Moses, which Jews commemorate in the festival of Passover.
- On Mount Sinai, Moses received the Torah (first five books of the Bible) from God, including the Ten Commandments.
Judges, Kings, and Prophets
- After settling in Canaan, the Jews were led by Judges until the appointment of Kings.
- King David established Jerusalem as the capital and his son, King Solomon, built the First Temple there.
- Prophets like Elijah, Isaiah, and Jeremiah guided the Jewish people and foretold the coming of the Messiah.
Babylonian Exile and Second Temple
- The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon in 586 BC, known as the Babylonian Exile.
- Once the Persians defeated the Babylonians, Jews were permitted to return to Jerusalem and build the Second Temple.
Roman Rule and Destruction of the Second Temple
- Under Roman rule, King Herod renovated the Second Temple.
- The Roman Empire destroyed the Second Temple in 70 AD, causing the diaspora (dispersal) of Jews throughout the world.
Rabbinical and Medieval Judaism
- With the destruction of the Second Temple, Judaism shifted focus from Temple sacrifices to synagogue worship and Torah study, led by Rabbis.
- This period gave rise to Talmud and Mishnah: key texts in Jewish law and tradition.
Modern Movements
- The 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence of different streams within Judaism: Reform, Orthodox and Conservative movements.
- Each movement has a different approach to Jewish law and tradition; however, all agree on the central concept of the Covenant.