Understanding of text organisation features

In Urdu, paragraphs may be used to convey a single point or idea, similar to English. The structure of a text offers insight into its central themes.
Recognise the various organisational features of a text like headings, subheadings, bullet points, numbered points, paragraphs, and highlighted or italicised text which can provide useful clues about the text’s content.
The introductory paragraph often gives a brief overview or sets the context for the text. The following paragraphs go deeper into the subject, with each potentially focusing on a different aspect.
The concluding paragraph of the text often summarises the main points, presents the author’s final thoughts, or calls for action. It can be a valuable resource for grasping the essential message of the piece.
Note the arrangement and progression of ideas within the text. They can be organised chronologically, according to importance, or can be cause/effect or problem/solution oriented. This recognising the logical structure can aid in overall comprehension.

Pay attention to transitions and connectors like ‘however’, ‘therefore’, ‘in addition’ which are used to express the relationship between ideas and pieces of information. These words can signal contrast, addition, cause, or consequence.
Identifying contrast words like ‘but’, ‘although’, ‘nevertheless’ can help understand contrasting opinions or concepts in the text.
Identifying cause-effect words like ‘because’, ‘so’, ‘as a result’ can help understand the reasoning behind an action or an event.

Appreciate the cohesion in the text - this refers to the way the ideas flow together.
Look out for anaphora (repeated words at the beginning of sentences), epiphora (repeated words at the end of sentences) or cataphora (referring forward to a concept later in the text) - Urdu authors often use these literary devices to ensure cohesion and emphasis.
Grasp how one thought in the text connects with the next - the idea could be repeated, explained in a different way, expanded, or compared with something else.

Differentiate various text types such as essays, reports, letters, narratives, or articles, which often follow specific organisational patterns.
Understand the purpose of the text. It can be to inform, entertain, persuade, or a combination. Recognising the purpose can provide insights into how the text is organised.

Engage with a wide range of text types and genres to become comfortable with different organisational patterns and structures.
After reading a text, try to identify its organisation features and summarise them - this practice will aid in developing a deep understanding of text organisation in Urdu.