Animal anatomy, physiology and nutrition

Animal anatomy, physiology and nutrition

Animal Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy refers to the structure of animals, including the bodily parts and their organisation.
  • Physiology is the study of the functions of these parts. It explains how they work separately and together to maintain life.
  • Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish all possess a fundamentally similar body structure, but have adaptations for their specific environments and ways of life.
  • All animals have integumentary systems, which includes skin, scales, feathers, or fur, protecting them from environmental factors.
  • The skeletal system provides support and protection for softer tissues and organs, while the muscular system allows for movement.
  • Animals’ respiratory systems (lungs in mammals and birds, gills in fish, skin in amphibians) allow for the exchange of gases.
  • The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body. In mammals and birds, it’s a closed system with a heart to pump blood.
  • The digestive system, including the mouth, stomach, and intestines, breaks down food for energy.
  • The nervous system allows for sensation, adaptation, and co-ordination in various environments.

Animal Nutrition

  • The type of nutrition an animal requires varies greatly between species.
  • Animals will either be herbivores, carnivores or omnivores, depending on whether they eat plants, meat or a combination.
  • All animals require five basic nutrients: water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins and minerals.
  • Water is the most essential and should be constantly available to the animal.
  • Proteins are needed for growth and repair, while fats are used as energy reserves and to protect organs.
  • Carbohydrates provide a quick energy source and are especially important for herbivores.
  • Vitamins and minerals are required in small amounts for various bodily functions.
  • Many animals require specific dietary supplementation depending on their specific needs.
  • Adequate nutrition management is important to ensure animals receive a balanced diet, to maintain body condition and to prevent diseases.