Giant Lattices

A giant lattice is a three-dimensional, large structure of ions, atoms or molecules bonded together. These structures can also be referred to as crystal lattices.
There are several different types of lattices, including ionic, metallic, and covalent. Each has its own distinct physical properties.
In an ionic lattice, for example, cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) are bonded together by strong electrostatic forces. Sodium chloride (table salt) is an example of an ionic lattice.
Metallic lattices consist of positively charged metal ions held together by a sea of delocalised electrons. This sea of electrons enables metallic bonds’ unique properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.
Covalent lattices (covalent network lattices) consist of atoms linked by covalent bonds in a giant array. These structures are exceedingly robust due to the powerful covalent bonds, and exhibit high melting and boiling points. Diamond, a form of carbon, is an example of a covalent lattice.
The physical properties of a substance can often be deduced based on its lattice structure. For instance, materials with ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points due to the intense ionic bonds that require significant energy to break.
Similarly, substances with metallic lattices also have high melting and boiling points, are generally malleable and ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity due to the presence of delocalised electrons.
The hardness of a substance can also be linked to its lattice structure. Ionic lattices often form hard crystals, while metallic lattices are typically soft and malleable.
Despite these general trends, exceptions exist. For example, while most covalent lattices are known for their toughness, graphite, another form of carbon besides diamond, is remarkably soft and slippery because its covalent bonds form flat layers that can easily slide over each other.
Knowledge of these structures and their respective properties is key to understanding material science, energy production, and numerous industrial processes.