Practical Techniques

Review the correct technique to set up reflux. This process is used to heat a reaction mixture for an extended period. The condenser ensures that no volatile materials are lost.
Revisit the process of distillation, a technique used to separate and purify products from a reaction mixture. Review the difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation.
Learn the method of recrystallisation for purification. This technique is used to obtain a pure sample by dissolving an impure sample in a minimum volume of hot solvent and then allowing it to cool. The pure substance will crystallise out of the solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent.
Rehearse thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a method used to identify organic compounds. Understand how to spot the sample on the base line and to develop the chromatogram by placing the base into a shallow layer of solvent.
Remember the procedure for melting point determination - a great way to verify purity and confirm identity of a solid sample.
Understand the importance of infrared spectroscopy in identifying functional groups present in organic molecules.
Recall how to interpret results from mass spectrometry to deduce the molecular formula of a compound.
Recognise the value of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for determining the structure of organic compounds.
Ensure understanding of how to safely handle chemicals, disposing of waste appropriately, and minimise environmental impact.
Familiarise yourself with the need for and how to carry out a risk assessment before beginning any experimental work, and how to apply steps to minimise identified risks in the laboratory.
Recap the importance of system checks for equipment to ensure they are safely operating, recognize possible equipment malfunctions and understand how to effectively troubleshoot equipment faults while ensuring safety.
Instill the importance of keeping an accurate and detailed lab report for all practical techniques undertaken, recording experimental procedures and findings in detail so they can be used for further application or can be replicated by another individual if necessary.