Fitlration, Evaporation, Chromatography and Distillation

Filtration:

Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases. It is commonly used in chemistry to remove solid impurities from a liquid or gas.
The process involves passing liquid or gas through a philtre, which traps the solid impurities.
The particle size that is trapped depends on the pore size of the philtre.
The liquid or gas that passes through the philtre is called the filtrate.

Evaporation:

Evaporation is a process that separates a soluble substance from a solution.
It involves heating the solution to the point that the solvent (often water) evaporates, leaving the solute (the substance dissolved in the solvent) behind as a solid.
This process can be used to obtain a soluble substance from its solution when the solvent is undesirable or needs to be conserved.

Chromatography:

Chromatography is a method for separating components of a mixture.
It relies on the difference in the rate at which the components move through a medium (like paper or liquid) under the influence of a solvent.
Chromatography is thus used to separate and identify different coloured components in inks and dyes, and even substances in a mixture.
It can also be used to give information about how many components are in a mixture, their identity, and their relative quantities.

Distillation:

Distillation is a chemical process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points.
The mixture is heated to produce a vapour. The vapour then cools, or condenses, on a cold surface.
There are two types of distillation: simple distillation and fractional distillation.
Simple distillation is used when the boiling points of two liquids are significantly different, or when separating liquids from solids.
Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points of the components are comparatively close to each other. It involves multiple, repeated evaporations and condensations.