Principles of Programming

Principles of Programming

Programming Principles

Algorithms and Flowcharts

• An algorithm is a precise sequence of instructions or steps to solve a particular problem. It’s the fundamental concept behind all programs.
• Flowcharts offer a visual way to represent the logic of an algorithm. Circles, diamonds, and rectangles are used to depict specific elements like start/end, decision making, and standard operations, respectively.

Selection and Iteration

• Selection in programming refers to decision making. Using conditional statements like if-elif-else, the program can select different routes based on given conditions.
• Iteration refers to repeating certain operations. This is achieved through loops such as for and while loops.
• Understanding how to apply selection and iteration is crucial to creating complex and useful programs.

Variables, Constants, and Data Types

• A variable is a storage location in a program that can change during the execution of the program.
• A constant is similar, but its value, once defined, cannot be changed.
• Data types inform the program about the type of data that a variable or a constant holds. Common data types include integers, floating-point numbers, booleans and strings.

Subroutines

• A subroutine is a set of instructions that performs a specific task and is grouped as a unitwithin a program. This can mean a function, method or procedure.
• This grouping makes a program easier to read and manage, promotes code reuse, and helps in debugging.

Error Handling

• Error handling refers to how a program responds when something goes wrong.
• In some cases, the program can correct the error and continue. In other cases, it may need to stop execution. Planning for potential errors is a crucial step in writing a robust program.

Programming Techniques

Top-down Design and Decomposition

• Top-down design is a method for designing a complex system by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable parts - you start with the big picture and break it down gradually.
• This process is also known as decomposition, and it helps to manage the complexity of the program.

Debugging and Testing

• Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in a program. This is an important part of the development process and helps improve the reliability of your code.
• Testing is systematically checking that your program works as expected. This can include testing individual sections (unit testing) or the whole system (system testing).

Maintainability and Documentation

• Maintainability refers to how easily a program can be understood, corrected, adapted, and enhanced.
• Good documentation, including clear commenting of the code, is crucial for this. It not only helps others understand your program but also assists you in understanding your code in the future.

Remember that good programming is not just about writing code, but about creating something that is efficient, maintainable and robust. Mastering these principles will set a strong foundation for your journey in computer science.