1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th declension nouns

1st Declension Nouns

1st declension nouns are predominantly feminine in gender.
They typically end in -a in the nominative singular form.
Endings for the singular forms are: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -ā.
Ending for the plural forms are: -ae, -ārum, -īs, -ās, -īs.
Examples include “terra” (earth), “poena” (punishment) and “nauta” (sailor).
Exceptions to note: “nauta” (sailor), “agricola” (farmer), and “incola” (inhabitant) which are masculine.

2nd declension nouns can be masculine, neuter, or feminine in gender.
Masculine nouns typically end in -us in the nominative singular and neuter nouns typically end in -um in the nominative singular.
Endings for masculine singular forms are: -us, -i, -o, -um, -o.
Endings for neuter singular forms are: -um, -i, -o, -um, -o.
Ending for masculine plural forms are: -i, -orum, -is, -os, -is.
Ending for neuter plural forms are: -a, -orum, -is, -a, -is.
Examples include “dominus” (master), “servus” (slave), “bellum” (war), “donum” (gift).
2nd declension also includes nouns ending in -r and -er e.g., “puer” (boy), “ager” (field).

3rd declension nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender.
There is no typical ending for 3rd declension nouns in the nominative singular.
Endings for singular forms are: - , -is, -i, -em, -e.
Endings for plural forms are: -es, -um, -ibus, -es/-a (for neuter), -ibus.
Examples include “rex” (king), “miles” (soldier), “nomen” (name), “tempus” (time).

4th declension nouns are predominantly masculine but can also be neuter in gender.
They typically end in -us in the nominative singular form.
Endings for masculine singular forms are: -us, -ūs, -ui, -um, -u.
Endings for neuter singular forms are: -u, -ūs, -ui, -u, -u.
Endings for masculine plural forms are: -ūs, -uum, -ibus, -ūs, -ibus.
Endings for neuter plural forms are: -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, -ibus.
Examples include “manus” (hand), “senatus” (senate), “cornu” (horn).